Antihyperlipidemic Effect Of Ethanolic Seed Extract Of Canavalia Ensiformis (L) In High Fat Diet-Streptozotocin Induced Rats

Objective: It was investigated to enlighten the phytochemical screening and antihyperlipidemic activity of seeds of Canavalia ensiformis (L.) in High fat diet Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The ethanolic seed extract of Canavalia ensiformis (EECE) at a dose of 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg was administered to diabetic rats. Simvastatin (4 mg/kg) is used as a standard drug. Results: The statistics were assessed by using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparison tests. To unfold the mechanism we studied all the biochemical parameters like Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and histopathological examination of Liver tissue section. The ethanolic extracts of seeds of Canavalia ensiformis showed significant reduce of the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and a significant increase in the serum level of HDL at 400 mg/kg rather than 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: Further the characterization and isolation of the constituents could be done to know the exact mechanism of hyperlipidemic activity. Statistical analysis of this screening method conforms that the proposed method is appropriate and it can be useful, gives the basic idea to the researcher who is working in an area like Antihyperlipidemic activity.

Number of leaves needed to model leaf area in jack bean plants using leaf dimensions / Número de folhas para modelar a área foliar de feijão de porco por dimensões foliares

Leaf area estimation models based on linear leaf dimensions are an important method because their application is not destructive to the leaves. For these models to be reliable, it is important that the estimation of model parameters is accurate, and for that to occur, the models must be generated using an adequate sample size (number of leaves). The objective of this study was to determine the number of leaves necessary to accurately model the leaf area of jack beans (Y), determined by digital photos, according to the width of the central leaflet (x), by a power model (Y = axb) generated through an iterative process. Accordingly, an experiment was performed in a 256 m2 area. A total of 745 leaves were randomly collected at six different crop development stages (29, 43, 57, 73, 87 and 101 days after emergence). Each leaf was comprised of a left, central and right leaflet. The width of the central leaflet (x) was measured on the 745 leaves. Leaf area (sum of the area of the left, central and right leaflets; Y) was then determined using a digital photo method. The number of leaves necessary for the estimation of the parameters a and b and the coefficient of determination (R2) of the power model were determined through resampling with replacement. The power model (Y = 4.2049x1.8215, R2 = 0.9701), based on the width of the central leaflet was determined to be adequate for estimating jack bean leaf area. Data collected from a sample of 200 leaves were determined to be sufficient for constructing an accurate power model for the leaf area of jack beans (Y) as a function of the width of the central leaflet (x), based on determinations of leaf area using digital photos.

Modelos de estimação de área foliar de plantas em função das dimensões lineares das folhas são importantes, principalmente, por não haver necessidade de destruição das folhas. Para modelos fidedignos, é importante que as estimativas de seus parâmetros sejam precisas, e, para isso, devem ser gerados a partir de um número adequado de folhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o número de folhas necessário para modelar a área foliar de feijão de porco determinada por fotos digitais (Y) em função da largura do limbo do folíolo central da folha (x), por meio do modelo potência (Y = axb) gerado por processo iterativo. Para isso foi conduzido um experimento numa área de 256 m2, no qual, em seis períodos de desenvolvimento da cultura (29, 43, 57, 73, 87 e 101 dias após a emergência) foram coletadas, aleatoriamente, o total de 745 folhas. Cada folha é composta pelos folíolos esquerdo, central e direito. Nas 745 folhas foi mensurada a largura do limbo do folíolo central (x). A seguir, determinou-se a área foliar (soma da área dos folíolos esquerdo, central e direito) por meio do método de fotos digitais (Y). O número de folhas, necessário para a estimação dos parâmetros a e b do modelo potência e do coeficiente de determinação do modelo (R2), foi determinado por reamostragens, com reposição. Em feijão de porco, o modelo potência (Y = 4,2049x1,8215, R2 = 0,9701) da largura do limbo do folíolo central é adequado para estimar a área foliar obtida por fotos digitais. Mensurar 200 folhas é suficiente para construir modelos precisos do tipo potência, da área foliar de feijão de porco determinada por fotos digitais (Y) em função da largura do limbo do folíolo central da folha (x).

Tamanho de parcela e número de repetições em feijão de porco / Plot size and number of replicates in jack bean

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela e o número de repetições para avaliar caracteres de feijão de porco (Canavalia ensiformis). Foram realizados seis ensaios de uniformidade de 5m×5m (25m2). Cada ensaio foi dividido em 25 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1m×1m, totalizando 150UEB. Foi pesada a massa verde de vagens (MVV) e a massa verde de parte aérea sem vagens (MVPASV) e calculada a massa verde de parte aérea (MVPA=MVV+MVPASV) das plantas de cada UEB. Foi determinado o tamanho ótimo de parcela e comparadas as médias entre os caracteres MVV, MVPASV e MVPA. Após, foi calculado o número de repetições. Os tamanhos ótimos de parcela para avaliar a massa verde de vagens, a massa verde de parte aérea sem vagens e a massa verde de parte aérea são, respectivamente, 8,59m2, 6,14m2 e 5,85m2. Quatro repetições, para avaliar até 50 tratamentos, no delineamento blocos ao acaso, são suficientes para identificar, como significativas a 5% de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey, diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 55,48%, 39,66% e 37,78% das médias de massa verde de vagens, de massa verde de parte aérea sem vagens e de massa verde de parte aérea do experimento, respectivamente.

The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum plot size and the number of repetitions to evaluate characters of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It was carried six uniformity assays of size 5m×5m (25m2). Each assay was divided in 25 basic experimental units (UEB) of 1m×1m, totaling 150UEB. The fresh mass of pods (MVV) and fresh mass of aerial part without pods (MVPASV) were weighed and fresh mass of the aerial part (MVPA=MVV+MVPASV) of plants of each UEB was calculated. The optimum plot size was determined and the means were compared, between characters MVV, MVPASV and MVPA. The number of replicates was determined. The optimum plot sizes to evaluate the fresh mass of pods, fresh mass of aerial part without pods and fresh mass of aerial part are, respectively, 8.59m2, 6.14m2 and 5.85m2. Four replications, to evaluate up to 50 treatments, in randomized block designs, are sufficient to identify, as significant at the 5% probability by Tukey test, differences between treatment means 55.48%, 39.66% and 37.78% of the average fresh mass of pods, fresh mass of aerial part without pods and fresh mass of aerial part of the experiment, respectively.

Comparative analysis of the antibacterial activity of some phytolectins.

The aim of this work was to analyse the comparative effects of the antibacterial properties of partially purified lectins from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus (jack fruit), Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean), Lens culinaris (lentil) and Pisum sativum (pea) against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lectins were isolated by partial purification using ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. The antimicrobial activity was studied using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that the Jack fruit lectin had a potent anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa whereas Pea and jack bean lectin were found to be effective bacteriostatic agents which reduced the growth of bacteria and lentil lectin showed the least antibacterial activity. A comparison of the antibacterial activity of phytolectins with conventional antibiotics namely ampicillin and tetracycline was also carried out. Studies revealed that the antibacterial activities of the conventional antibiotics are higher than that of the plant extracts at the same concentration in accordance to literature.

Comparative analysis of the antibacterial activity of some phytolectins.

The aim of this work was to analyse the comparative effects of the antibacterial properties of partially purified lectins from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus (jack fruit), Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean), Lens culinaris (lentil) and Pisum sativum (pea) against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lectins were isolated by partial purification using ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. The antimicrobial activity was studied using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that the Jack fruit lectin had a potent anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa whereas Pea and jack bean lectin were found to be effective bacteriostatic agents which reduced the growth of bacteria and lentil lectin showed the least antibacterial activity. A comparison of the antibacterial activity of phytolectins with conventional antibiotics namely ampicillin and tetracycline was also carried out. Studies revealed that the antibacterial activities of the conventional antibiotics are higher than that of the plant extracts at the same concentration in accordance to literature.

Tamanho de amostra para a estimação da média do comprimento, diâmetro e massa de sementes de feijão de porco e mucuna cinza / Sample size for estimating the average length, diameter and weight of seeds of jack bean and velvet bean

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra necessário para a estimação da média do comprimento, dos diâmetros maior e menor e da massa de sementes de feijão de porco (Canavalia ensiformis) e de mucuna cinza (Stizolobium cinereum). Em 300 sementes de feijão de porco e em 300 sementes de mucuna cinza, foram mensurados os seguintes caracteres: comprimento, diâmetros maior e menor e massa. Foram calculadas medidas de tendência central e de variabilidade. Após, foram testadas as hipóteses de igualdade entre as médias e de homogeneidade entre as variâncias. Foi determinado o tamanho de amostra por meio de reamostragem, com reposição de 10.000 amostras. Para a estimação da média do comprimento, dos diâmetros maior e menor e da massa, com intervalo de confiança de 95% igual a 10% da estimativa da média, 117 e 66 sementes são suficientes, respectivamente, para feijão de porco e mucuna cinza.

The objective of this research was to determine the sample size (number of seeds) to estimate the average of length, major and minor diameters and weight of seeds of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and velvet bean (Stizolobium cinereum). In 300 seeds of jack bean and 300 seeds of velvet bean it was measured following characters: length, major and minor diameters and weight. It was calculated measures of central tendency and variability. After the hypothesis of equality between the means and homogeneity of variances, were tested. It was determined the sample size using resampling with replacement of 10,000 samples. For estimating the average of length, major and minor diameters and weight, with amplitude of confidence interval of 95%, equal 10% of average estimate, 117 and 66 seeds are sufficient, respectively, for jack bean and velvet bean.

Plantas de cobertura no controle da erosão hídrica sob chuvas naturais / Cover plants in water erosion control under natural rainfall

As plantas de cobertura desempenham um conjunto de ações integradas que proporcionam benefícios aos sistemas agrícolas, com destaque para a redução da erosão hídrica que é a principal forma de degradação dos solos brasileiros. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar as perdas de solo, água e o potencial de arraste de sedimentos decorrentes da erosão hídrica, sob chuva natural. Neste experimento foram utilizadas quatro espécies de plantas de cobertura em dois sistemas: consórcio milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Brown) com crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth) e consórcio de milheto com feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth), além do cultivo solteiro do milheto, feijão-guandu, feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC) e crotalária. Para a quantificação das perdas de solo, água e potencial de arraste de sedimentos do solo utilizaram-se parcelas de 4 x 12 m. Observou-se que os maiores índices de cobertura foram obtidos pelas espécies feijão-de-porco (77,63%), feijão-guandu (64,55%) e pelo consórcio milheto + feijão-guandu (64,11%). As menores perdas de solo foram obtidas pelo cultivo do feijão-guandu (1,27 Mg ha-1), do milheto (1,47 Mg ha-1) e do feijão-de-porco (1,77 Mg ha-1), e as menores perdas de água foram obtidas pelo cultivo do feijão-guandu (37,90 mm), do consórcio milheto + crotalária (40,04 mm) e pelo feijão-de-porco (41,83 mm). Não é possível inferir sobre uma relação entre os índices fitotécnicos e a proteção do solo contra a erosão hídrica.

Cover crops play a set of integrated actions that provide benefits to agricultural systems, with emphasis on reducing water erosion that is the main form of land degradation in Brazil. Thus the aim of this work was to quantify the losses of soil, water and the potential for entrainment of sediment resulting from water erosion under natural rainfall. In this experiment we used four species of cover crops in two systems: intercropping sunn hemp with millet and intercropping millet with pigeon pea, and the cropping to millet, pigeon pea, jack bean and sunn hemp. To quantify the losses of soil, water and the potential for entrainment of soil sediment were used plots of 4 x 12 m. It was observed that the highest rates of coverage were obtained by species jack bean (77.63%), pigeon pea (64.55%) and the consortium millet + pigeon pea (64.11%). The lowest soil loss was obtained by cultivation of pigeon pea (1.27 Mg ha-1), millet (1.47 Mg ha-1) and jack bean (1.77 Mg ha-1), and lowest water loss was obtained by cultivation of pigeon pea (37.90 mm), in the consortium millet + sunn hemp (40.04 mm) and jack bean (41.83 mm). It is not possible to infer a relationship between the rates phytotechnical and protection against soil erosion.

Purificación y determinación de carbohidratos en la vicilina de Canavalia ensiformis / Purification and carbohydrate determination of vicilin from Canavalia ensiformis

Este estudio reporta la purificación y determinación de carbohidratos en la vicilina de Canavalia ensiformis ( Jack bean). La vicilina se purificó por precipitación isoeléctrica a pH 6,4 y 4,8, cromatografía de intercambio iónico (DEAE -Sephadex A-50) y cromatografía de afinidad (Con A -Sepharosa 4B). La pureza de la proteína se verificó por SDS-PAGE y su identidad se confirmó por espectrometría de masas empleando la técnica de ionización MALDI (desorción-ionización con láser asistida por una matriz) en un espectrómetro de tiempo de vuelo (TOF) obteniéndose un espectro de masas característico de la proteína (PMF) (MALDI-TOF-PMF).La oxidación de residuos glicosídicos en la vicilina demostró la presencia de carbohidratos en la proteína, lo cual se corroboró por deglicosilación enzimática con Péptido N-glicosidasa F (PNGasa F) y por el método de Dubois, el cual mostró un contenido de carbohidratos del 4,03% en la proteína. Estos resultados muestran, por primera vez, la presencia de glicósidos en la vicilina de Canavalia ensiformis.El proceso de purificación de la vicilina de la semilla de Canavalia ensiformis, desarrollado en este trabajo, permitió obtener la proteína con un grado de pureza muy superior al descrito previamente en la literatura.

This study reports the purification and carbohydrate determination of vicilin from anavalia ensiformis (Jack bean). The vicilin was purified by isoelectric precipitation at pH 6.4 and 4.8, ion exchange chromatography (deae-Sephadex A-50) and affinity chromatography (Con A -Sepharosa 4B). Protein identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-pmf) (Matrix assisted laser desorption ionizationtime of flight-Peptide mass fingerprinting) and purification was confirmed by sdspage. Oxidation of glycosylated moiety in pure vicilin demonstrates the presence of carbohydrates in the protein. The presence of carbohydrates in the pure vicilin fraction was confirmed by enzymatic deglycosylation by Peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGasa F) and by Dubois’ method, finding a 4.03% carbohydrate content in such protein. These results demonstrate for the first time the presence of glycosides in C. ensiformis vicilin. The purification process of vicilin seed of Canavalia Ensiformis used in this study allowed us to obtain a protein with a high degree of purity, superior to the ones described in the literature.

Variation in the ureide content of Jack Bean during the reproductive stages in response to nitrate

Nitrogen is frequently the limiting mineral nutrient for plant productivity and it is essential to obtain an understanding of how this element is assimilated and its metabolism regulated, in crop plants. The objective of this work was to study nitrogen metabolism in the tropical legume Canavalia ensiformis, a plant species used as a green manure. The nitrate dose provided changed the concentrations of ureides exported via the xylem, whilst the developmental stage alterations demonstrated to influence the form of ureide exported via the xylem. Considering the content of ureides as an indicator of N-fixation status, it could be concluded that N-fixation was affected in the presence of nitrate in C. ensiformis.

Nitrogênio é o nutriente mineral mais limitante e importante para produção vegetal e o entendimento de como esse elemento é assimilado e como seu metabolismo é regulado, são essenciais para plantas cultivadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as variações no metabolismo de nitrogênio em Canavalia ensiformis, em resposta ao nitrato, durante o período reprodutivo. A dose de nitrato fornecida mudou as concentrações de udeídeos exportados via xilema, enquanto alterações no estádio de desenvolvimento mostrou influenciar a forma de ureídeo exportado via xilema. Considerando o nível de ureídeos como um indicador do status da fixação biológica, é possível dizer que a fixação do nitrogênio pode ter sido afetada na presença do nitrato em C. ensiformis.

Efectos del tostado sobre el valor de energía metabolizable verdadera y el contenido de factores antinutricionales de harinas de granos / De canavalia ensiformis (l.) Effects of toasting on true metabolizable energy value and content of antinutritional factors of canavalia ensiformis (l.) Seed meals

El efecto del tostado sobre el valor de energía metabolizable verdadera corregida para balance de nitrógeno nulo (EMVn) y el contenido de factores antinutricionales (FAN) de harinas tostadas de Canavalia fue investigado en un ensayo de balance. Adicionalmente, se determinó el contenido de lisina reactiva, la solubilidad de la proteína y el color en las harinas evaluadas. Se asignaron al azar 5 gallos cecotomizados a cada harina (cruda o tostada) a las siguientes temperaturas y tiempos: 180; 200; 220; and 230°C/3 min; 230 y 240°C/2 min; 230 y 240°C/1 min. Cada gallo fue intubado con 40g de harina y las heces fueron recolectadas durante 72 horas. La Concanavalina A (Con A) en las harinas tostadas fue detectada determinando la unión de esta lectina a la mucosa duodenal por inmunohistoquímica. Ninguna de las harinas tostadas mostró actividad hemaglutinante de la Con A, pero se observó unión de esta lectina a la mucosa duodenal con una reacción inmunohistoquímica de moderada a débil. El tostado a 220; 230°C/3 min ó 240°C/2 min redujo la canavanina en más del 90% en relación con la harina cruda. No se observaron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) entre el valor de EMVn de la harina cruda y el de las harinas tostadas a 200; 220; 230°C/3 min; 240°C/1 ó 240°C/2min mientras que, el tostado a 180°C/3min; 230°C/1min ó 230°C/2min redujo significativamente (P < 0,05) la EMVn. La lisina reactiva y la solubilidad de la proteína fueron reducidas (P < 0,05) al aumentar la temperatura y el tiempo de tostado. El color de las harinas fue también afectado (P < 0,05) por el tostado. En conclusión, el tostado bajo las condiciones evaluadas, puede reducir significativamente el contenido de FAN de la harina cruda de Canavalia. Sin embargo, esta respuesta positiva no incrementó el valor de EMVn de la harina cruda.

The effects of toasting on the True Metabolizable Energy, corrected to zero nitrogen retention (TMEn) and content of antinutritive factors (ANF) present in Jack Beans (JB, Canavalia ensiformis) seeds were investigated in a balance trial. Reactive lysine, protein solubility, and color were also determined in experimental meals. Raw JB meal was toasted at the following combinations of temperature and time: 180; 200; 220 and 230°C/3min; 230 and 240°C/2min; and 230 and 240°C/1min. Five caecectomised cockerels were randomly assigned to each JB meal (raw or toasted). Each bird was intubated 40g of a given meal and excreta were quantitatively collected during 72h. Concanavalin A binding to duodenal mucosa was assessed by immunohistochemistry. No hemaglutinating activity was detected in toasted JB but Con A binding to duodenal mucosa ranged from moderate to weak. Toasting JB meal at 220; 230°C/3min; and 240°C/2min reduced the original canavanine content of JB in more than 90%. TMEn value of raw JB was not improved by toasting. No significant differences were found between TMEn of raw JB and those of JB toasted at 200; 220; 230°C/3min; 240°C/1min or 240°C/2min, whereas toasting JB meal at 180°C/3min; 230°C/1min or 230°C/2min significantly (P < 0.05) reduced TMEn. Reactive lysine and protein solubility were reduced (P < 0.05) as both temperature and toasting time increased. Meal color was also affected (P < 0.05) by toasting. In summary, under the conditions tested, toasting can effectively reduce ANF content in raw JB. However, this positive response did not improve the TMEn value of raw JB.